The 18th century was an important period in the development of human history, Britain realized the Industrial Revolution, France had a great revolution, and the United States broke out in the War of Independence.Following the completion of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, major capitalist countries such as the West completed the Industrial Revolution one after another.The victory of the Industrial Revolution made the cities increasingly prosperous and prosperous, and people rebelled against the real system with a series of political movements.In the 18th century, Newtonian mechanics became the basis of modern science, physics, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, biology and other natural sciences have also made great progress.
Organ pathology laid the foundation for the revival of clinical medicine in the 18th century
The pathology of organs in Western medicine was founded in the 18th century by Giovanni Bttista Morgsgni (1682-1771).The birth of organ pathology promoted the formation of the clinical medical school, so that Western medicine's clinical medicine was based on the examination of patients and their diseased organs, not on classic textbooks and dogmatic research.
In 1706 Morgeny published his first medical work, "Adversaria Anatomica Pirma", and in 1707 he was recommended to the Bologna Anatomical Institute, where he was professor of anatomy at the University of Padua in 1715.At this time, Morgeny published his second medical book, Adversaria Anatomica Altera, which focused on the structure of adipose tissue, digestive tract muscle tissue, lungs and biliary tract.In 1761, he published his last and most brilliant book, De Sedibuset Causis Morborum per Anatomen Inda-gatis Libri Quinque, reflecting all his anatomical research and the first peak of clinical medicine in the 18th century.The book was reprinted several times and translated into English and French.In his native Italy, he was called the "Sire of Anatomy", and in 1931 the people of his hometown erected a monument to him in the square named after him.
Morgeny combined his knowledge of autopsy with clinician observations, and he bridged the gap between basic medicine and clinical medicine to guide medicine in the search for the root causes of disease.At this point, pathological anatomy has a clear position in medicine and has become an independent discipline.
Morgeny's unique analysis of the rich material collected over the years links disease phenomena with organ changes in a logical, integrated way, to unprecedented creation, pointing out that each anatomical change causes changes in organ function.Organ pathology has changed the traditional view of western medicine diseases, and the presence or absence of lesions has become the direct criterion for determining diseases.
An Anatomical Study on the Parts and Causes of Diseases is written in Epistles.In the book, Morgani points out that normal anatomy is the navigation light for pathological anatomy, and that it is meaningful only to master normal anatomy and then perform pathological anatomy.At the same time, the best autopsy description is useless if there is a lack of understanding of the dysfunction in life.Anatomy and physiology form the common foundation of pathological anatomy.
Morgeny, who used a pathological anatomy to find the connection between disease and organs, published Anatomy of Disease Parts and Causes at the age of 79, a colossal collection of more than 700 case reports by Morgeny himself and his students.An Anatomical Study on the Parts and Causes of Diseases is divided into five volumes, which describe head, chest and abdomen diseases, surgical diseases, systemic diseases, and a supplementary volume.This article excerpts some excellent descriptions to illustrate Morgeny's contribution to organ pathology.
Pathological observations of the heart: Describe angina, myocardial degeneration, proliferative endocarditis, and different changes in the heart.It was found that after the death of the heart patient, there was a soft substance deposit in the ventricle, not a polyp usually imagined, but a blood clot formed after blood coagulation.Observation of tuberculosis: tuberculosis nodules are described as pathological characteristics of tuberculosis patients.Awareness of syphilis: For the first time, syphilis has been linked to damage to blood vessels in the brain, and the destructive effects of skin syphilis on bones have been studied.Understanding of the brain: Cerebral abscess is the result of discharge of pus from the ear, not the cause of discharge of pus from the ear; stroke is caused by changes in blood vessels, not damage to the brain itself.
In the 18th century, organ pathology research showed a tendency to connect clinical practice. The purpose of pathology research was to provide a new basis for diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Burhaf calls for clinical medicine
Burhaf (H.Boerhaave (1668–1738) was the greatest clinician of the 18th century.Since the 17th century, he has been very dissatisfied with the phenomenon of Western medicine focusing only on basic research and forgetting patients, and strongly advocated that doctors should return to patients.Under his initiative, Western medicine in the 18th century revived the trend of paying attention to clinical medicine.
Born in the Netherlands and studied medicine at the prestigious Leiden University, Burhaf was a believer in Hippocrates' intellect and learning.In the 18th century, when many medical theories with no clinical application value were in operation, Bulhav lit a bright light for the bewildered practitioners, who argued that medicine should be patient-centered.He believed that the fundamental purpose of medicine was to cure the sick, and that his principle of practice was that all theories of being far from the bed must cease.
After Hippocrates' death, it was Bulhav who re-transferred the center of 18th-century medicine to the sick.Bulhav divides diseases into two categories: solid and liquid, which may be caused by changes in the quality and quantity of liquid, including changes in weight and composition.For example, inflammation is the result of blood stagnation, which is caused by changes in the structure of small blood vessels and plasma composition.For fever, he thought it was caused by the heart encountering capillary resistance and increased pulsation.In the "OperaMedica Omnia" (1766), there are treatises on chemistry, neurology, ophthalmology, syphilis, teaching methods, and so on.He left two valuable anatomical notes to posterity, one for large mediastinal lipomas and the other for rupture of the esophagus.He first described sunstroke as heat stroke.
Burhav Museum of Art
He also left a strange book, each page blank with one exception, leaving the famous 18th-century medical scientist with a summary of medical knowledge: keeping his mind cool, his feet wet, and his intestines open.Albercht von Haller (1708–1777) praised Burhaf as a doctor throughout Europe, praised by students and citizens, and his body was treated like a real prince when he died.The country houses, city dwellings, and the Burghav Laboratory at the university where he lived, are now visited by admirers.Gerard van Swieten was the founder of the Vienna School, Gaub had a major influence on German medicine, and Gullen and Pringle brought his influence to England and Scotland, and American students gathered to receive a better medical education than their own.
Bulhav produced many outstanding students, including William Cullen (1712-1790).Coulomb attached importance to the study of the nervous system, coined the term "nerve energy" and other terms, which were inherited by future generations.Coulomb, a thoughtful observer, attributed the prevailing gout disease in Britain to compensatory congestion of the joints caused by muscle relaxation in the digestive system.He believes that the therapeutic effect of drugs on the body is achieved through the reflex activities of the stomach or the interaction between the stomach and the drug.Wine, chicken nappies, camphor are nervous system enhancers.Coulomb was negative about laxatives and laxative therapies that prevailed in the mid-18th century.
Development of Western Medical Diagnostics in the 18th Century
After Morgani established organ pathology, finding lesions became the first task of clinicians, which promoted the development of Western medical diagnostics.
Oenbrugge (L.Auenbrugger 1722-1809) was an immortal figure in the history of medicine.