What kind of college education is most effective?This is an eternal subject.As expected, there are a wide variety of opinions on this subject, although many research papers have been published.
Recently, Patrick T. Penn State University. Professor Terenzini has assembled more than 7,000 studies published worldwide over 50 years since 1970 on how universities affect students (education is impact, depending on how and to what extent educators influence them).
It is clear that effective education is by no means preaching, but creating effective learning experiences for students.As Einstein said, "Words are, and will remain, empty voices, and the path to destruction has always been accompanied by rhetoric about ideals."But personality is not what they hear and say, but rather what they do through work and action.Therefore, the most important educational tool has always been to encourage students to take action.”
Terenzini found that there are six characteristics of an educational student experience, and everything a university does to promote student learning and development is effective if it has any of these characteristics.
Is there an education that fully fits all 6 characteristics in reality?This kind of education is just a curriculum, a program, a policy.
When the old man was looking for him a thousand degrees in the crowd, the spirit flashed, and the Journey to the West "was in the midst of the lights."The Tang monk and scholar Xitian took the scriptures most consistent with all six characteristics.
First, meet challenging ideas or people (Involve counselors with challenging ideas or people).
Newton's first law of motion (also known as the law of inertia) states that any object remains in a constant state of linear motion or rest until an external force forces it to change.Terenzini believes that changes in students' academic, cognitive, psychosocial, and career preparation basically follow this law.
The "external force" of challenging students manifests itself in ideas, beliefs, opinions, educational environments, etc., which are different from what students hold or accept, and may also be very different from students in many ways.Whatever its nature or origin, if the challenge is not too small to be noticed or too large to be rejected quickly, it opens the door to broader, deeper knowledge, a change of thought or belief, and the adoption of a more differentiated and comprehensive understanding.
The Tang monk and monk Xitian took the sutras and experienced the 9981 difficulties, and it is widely recognized that each difficulty is memorable, thrilling, but just the right challenge (for example, sometimes in a desperate situation, but certainly not dead).
Require students' active engagement with the challenge.
The most consistent finding of the last half-century of research on educational effectiveness is that learning is not an ornamental activity.To learn, students must take on challenges meaningfully and devote their energy to solving the tension between old and new.The higher the level of participation, the greater the educational gain.
This fundamentally determines that Tang monks and monks cannot take shortcuts (although they have the ability to take shortcuts, for example, Sun Wukong can reach Lingshan in a single struggle), nor can they take sidewalks.
Why can't practice take a shortcut?When crossing the Liusha River, Sun Wukong explained to the Pig Eight Commandments: "But Master only wants to go through a foreign country and cannot escape the sea of suffering, so it is difficult to take an inch."You and I have nothing to do but stand by Him and keep Him alive, and cannot substitute for these afflictions, nor can we take scripture; even if we can go to Buddha first, then Buddha will not give scripture to you and me.If it is easy to see, it is easy to see.”
Why can't you walk on the left side of the road?When the fire broke out on the mountain, the pig suggested to go around: "Go back and turn around and go to his mother."And the earth said, "The way is to enter the gate, and it is not a practice.""It's like you're a science and engineering student, and you feel it's hard to get around it, but can you get a science and engineering diploma if you don't learn it?
Third, it occurs in supportive environments.
Effective educational experiences are more likely to occur in environments that encourage exploration, inspection, practice, and risk-taking.In this environment, "failure" is acceptable and even expected.A supportive environment provides encouragement and appropriate guidance to help students persevere and succeed.Regardless of its form or origin, support contributes to the continuation of challenging learning or development momentum.
However, support does not mean coddling students or reducing difficulty and requirements.Support provides students with everything they need to meet challenges and benefits students from solving the tensions created by challenges.
The Tang monks and monks received the support of "call every day, call the spirit of the earth" on the way to take the scriptures.Such support, in the view of the old Wen, is the highest level of support.Because of this support, Monkey King was completely fearless of all monsters, and along the way Tang monks and other disciples were increasingly daring to face all kinds of difficulties and obstacles.
Encourage active, real-world learning.
Lecturing is still the overwhelming way universities teach today.In most cases, students play a passive role, learning primarily through memory and recall.Practice and more and more research prove that complete teaching is the least effective teaching method.Therefore, some scholars have pointed out that it is immoral to teach mainly in the form of lectures, given that lectures increase educational disparities.
Positive pedagogy began to emerge in the 1990s, using students' interests and motivations to engage students in their own and others' learning.In active learning, students often deal with problems in the real (or simulated) world where there is no right answer or solution.Compared to traditional lectures, active and real-world learning can improve problem identification, critical thinking, evaluating evidence and alternative ideas, and embracing differences.
When the scripture team went to Baolin Temple, Tang Monk asked his disciples, "Why is it so difficult for the West Heaven to do this?"I remember leaving Chang'an City, on the road to the end of spring and summer, autumn and winter solstice, there are four or five years, how can not get?Sun Wukong laughed and said, "Good morning!Good morning! I didn't get out of the gate yet!`We're still walking around the hall!The pig and the sand monk did not understand, Sun Wukong said: "Brother, if you look at the old Sun, make this blue sky for roof tiles, the sun and the moon for window bars, four mountains and five mountains for beams, the sky is like an open hall."”
Tang monks and disciples took the scriptures from the West Heaven, and there was no classroom or sermon, but only "step on the rough road into the road, fighting off the danger and starting again."If there is a classroom, the classroom is "like an open room" of the world.Heaven and earth are the largest classrooms we can imagine, and the most real world.
Fifth, let others participate (involve other people).
The student's learning and development may be a separate activity, such as reading, appreciating, observing, and thinking.However, challenges arise when students come into contact with others, such as companions or teachers.Collaboration with others (e.g., joining a group) can also provide support in resolving conflicts arising from challenges.
University is both an academic and a social experience, and interaction with others changes attitudes and values, socializes students in certain ideas, beliefs, and perspectives, and moves students toward greater freedom and tolerance.In addition, students who have strong connections with teachers, classmates, etc. are more likely to make the investments they need in their time and energy to succeed academically.
It is typical for Tang monks and disciples to learn and learn from each other.On the one hand, teachers and students, like Confucius and his disciples, scrambled around the world every day, and on the other hand, they were involved in various kinds of tricks, not only kings and people, but also demons and demons at all levels.
Invite or promote reflection.
Reading thousands of books and traveling thousands of miles does not automatically translate into having wisdom.The defining characteristic of the journey from mere experience to wisdom is the quality and depth of the individual's reflection on the events experienced.The best way to reflect is introspection, rooted in a desire for self-improvement and a deeper understanding of the complexities of life.Embracing introspection and deep reflection can lead not only to personal inspiration, but also to professional growth.