Artificial intelligence is a strategic technology that leads a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. It plays an important role in fostering new industries, upgrading traditional industries, optimizing industrial structure.The strategic layout and development pattern of artificial intelligence in the United States are systematic and clear, which is of great practical significance to insight into the latest trends in the development of artificial intelligence in the world.
1 Development of artificial intelligence in the United States
At present, the global artificial intelligence leadership competition has entered a heated stage.In recent years, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Japan, India, Singapore and other countries have released artificial intelligence strategies to actively promote artificial intelligence research and development and industrial applications.With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the machine's computing power, algorithms and massive scene data have made major breakthroughs, making artificial intelligence reborn and showing the trend of blowout.Although the United States has taken the lead in the digital economy due to the earliest use of advanced technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, the United States needs to develop an AI strategy according to its own political, economic, and military needs.
1.1 Strategic AI Policy in the United States
The US federal government has issued a number of important report documents to lead and promote the national strategic development of artificial intelligence.In 2016, the Obama administration launched "Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence" in October, followed by the release of the National Artificial Intelligence R&D Strategic Plan to prioritize seven AI R&D strategies and two recommendations.In February 2019, President Trump signed "Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Artificial Intelligence," launching the American AI Initiative, marking the official elevation of artificial intelligence to national strategy.The Trump administration emphasizes that maintaining U.S. leadership in AI requires working together to advance technology and innovation, protect U.S. technology, economic security and national security, and strengthen cooperation with foreign partners and allies.On March 1, 2021, the National Security Council (NSCAI) submitted a 756-page recommendation to Congress.The report's key recommendations include setting 2025 targets for the development of AI in the United States to achieve "military AI readiness," and establishing a vice presidential committee on technology competitiveness at the White House.
The Obama, Trump and Biden administrations have focused on AI national policies, but they have generally shown a forward-looking relationship, emphasizing maintaining U.S. leadership in AI, prioritizing AI research and development by pooling resources.
1.2 Promoting the militarization of artificial intelligence
The U.S. government believes that AI will affect every corner of the Department of Defense, including personnel recruitment training, operational implementation, weapons upgrades, equipment maintenance, health care and many other aspects.Artificial intelligence will change the way of warfare and the characteristics of future wars.By harnessing the potential of artificial intelligence to transform the Department of Defense, U.S. Combined Forces can better protect the interests of U.S. servicemen, citizens, allies, and partners, and improve their operational capabilities and efficiency.In order to maintain the U.S. military's leadership in AI, the Department of Defense will strive to advance the technological advancement and practical military applications of AI.
The US Department of Defense attaches great importance to AI support for mission-critical tasksThe U.S. government believes artificial intelligence is important for the U.S. military to enhance situational awareness, improve operational equipment safety, implement predictive maintenance, and simplify business processes.Artificial intelligence's image analysis capabilities can extract useful information from large amounts of raw data, enhancing military commanders' situational awareness and decision-making capabilities.AI can help commanders choose the best course of action, minimizing the risk of deploying troops.By warning operators of potential dangers, AI can enhance the safety of human-operated aircraft, ships and vehicles in complex situations.Artificial intelligence can automatically predict the failure of key military components and provide repair and maintenance solutions based on relevant data and equipment conditions.This not only prevents military operations from being affected by sudden equipment accidents, but also optimizes the inventory level of spare parts, which allows commanders to quickly deploy troops at a lower cost.
1.3 Artificial intelligence related personnel training
The core of AI competition between countries is talent stock and talent quality competition, which involves talent training ability, talent training level and continuous output ability of all kinds of talents.At present, all countries lack high-level, leading artificial intelligence personnel, how to train high-level artificial intelligence personnel in a short period of time, is a common problem for all countries to think about.In the artificial intelligence policy of the United States, the training of professionals and the construction of talent teams are continuously regarded as key tasks, supported by measures such as financial support, R&D investment, and platform construction.The 2019 Executive Order on AI Leadership calls for providing education grants to be considered a priority for existing federal scholarships and service programs, increasing participation of traditionally underrepresented groups in computing and related fields.At the same time, the United States put forward the goal of "cultivating a diverse and ethical artificial intelligence team in all directions to maintain the leadership of the United States".
2 Problems with American Artificial Intelligence
2.1 Field intelligence is not solved
Field intelligence is the ability to embed autonomous systems into the environment, perceive or measure the environment, evaluate situations, think about situations, make decisions to achieve goals, and then act on the environment.The ability to use several different "thinking" models to solve problems (e.g., assessment, reasoning, and decision-making), from low-level rules to high-level rules, depends on the difficulty of the problem and is flexible enough to handle unexpected situations.
Field intelligence adapts to current priorities, i.e., enhancing human performance and mitigating human constraints related to task levels, task time, environment, etc.Johnson proposed in 2013 to perceive human physical, physical, and psychological states, consider human conditions under specific task goals, and assess states based on performance goals, through various ways, including human-computer interaction, decision-making assistance, and even changes in biochemical enhancers.Obviously, if human capabilities are properly enhanced, then the impact of stressors should be reduced, so the final perception and assessment of the human state should respond to this, requiring only a small amount of enhancement over time.
2.2 Human-machine trust mechanisms are still on the way
Trust is a fundamental social psychology concept and a key factor in many areas beyond autonomy, including interpersonal relationships, economic communication, organizational productivity, interdisciplinary and cross-cultural collaboration, and electronic media trading.There are many different definitions of trust, and the widely cited definition is that one party's willingness is vulnerable to the actions of the other party because it is expected to take particularly important action on trust, regardless of ability to monitor and control it.According to assumptions, considering the data used, reasoning methods, etc., autonomous systems lack the ability to "explain themselves" and it is difficult for autonomous systems to justify their solution sets and gain human trust.The system lacks self-awareness and environmental awareness, which includes the health and component failure modes of the autonomous system, and environmental awareness includes environmental stress or enemy attacks.Both can unknowingly affect performance and proficiency, and exaggerate the confidence of autonomous system-based solutions outside their nominal "scope of work."
Cognitive consistency and cognitive transparency are conducive to enhancing the reliability of human-machine collaboration, which refers to the degree to which autonomous systems and humans are consistent in potential cognitive representations and processes.The concept of cognitive or psychological consistency within an individual and the problems that arise when that individual must deal with cognitive dissonance.A lack of cognitive consistency can affect the shared meaning building and subsequent trust that humans have in autonomous systems to understand the situation and act on it.This approach is similar to human behavior in similar situations.Cognitive transparency refers to reasoning and actions taken by autonomous systems that are understandable to humans, even with little cognitive consistency.