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| 2023-09-22 09:45:27 | onclick： | Doctor of Biostatistics discovered a new type of brain cell |
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A new type of brain cell called glutamate astrocyte has been discovered.It can explain how neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's develop.The study was recently published in Nature.
There are two main types of brain cells: neurons and glial cells.Neurons are often thought to communicate through synapses or junctions between them, and glial cells do not use this type of signal.
Synaptic transmission occurs when one neuron is electrically stimulated and releases a chemical called neurotransmitter into the gap between it and another neuron, which causes the second neuron to be activated.This ability is largely thought to be unique to neurons.
But 20 years ago, Andrea Volterra and colleagues at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland announced that they found that some glial cells could also communicate with other cells using synaptic transmission.However, these findings have been controversial because other researchers have difficulty replicating them.
Now, Volterra and another team have finally settled the dispute with modern technology.
The researchers analyzed data from mouse cells on genes that produce RNA molecules to see if they could find the protein complexes needed for synaptic transmission in cells other than neurons.RNA molecules are intermediate products of protein production.The team specifically looked at cells in the hippocampal region of the brain, as previous studies claimed to have found non-neuronal synaptic transmission.
Analysis shows that several clusters of astrocytes also appear to have the ability to participate in synaptic transmission.These cells appear to release the neurotransmitter glutamate, the most common neurotransmitter in the brain.The researchers then confirmed the existence of genes associated with this by studying brain slices in adult mice.The researchers named the cells glutamate energy astrocytes.
"These cells are a bit like astrocytes and a bit like neurons.”Volterra说。"The mechanism and speed at which they secrete neurotransmitters are usually only related to neurons.That's why we call it a hybrid cell.”
The researchers then used a fluorescence microscope technique called two-photon imaging to study the release of glutamate from these cells into the brains of mice."We see signals in a similar speed order as neurons," Volterra said.”。
By looking at existing datasets, Volterra and colleagues also found similar synaptic transmission protein features in human nonneuronal cells.Ludovic Telley, also from the University of Lausanne, said: "The results show that these cells are conservative in humans.”
Researchers don't know how many of these cells can be found in the brain, or whether they are mainly found in the hippocampus.
Volterra says it's not clear why the brain needs glial cells to transmit information through synapses.He speculated that this might lead to greater signal coordination."Usually, we have neuronal information that needs to be transmitted to a larger set, and neurons don't coordinate very well in this respect.A astrocyte can come into contact with 100, 000 synapses in mice, he said, which could mean that the signal travels further in a more coordinated manner, reaching millions of synapses in humans.
Volterra says these cells also appear to exist in brain circuits that participate in movement, which degenerate in Parkinson's disease.A better understanding of these cells will give us a better understanding of how to deal with this situation, he said.
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